Pink eye (Infective Conjunctivitis)

We have selected the following expert medical opinion based on its clarity, reliability and accuracy. Credits: Sourced from the website Patient UK, authored by Dr Mary Lowth (see below). Please refer to your own medical practitioner for a final perspective, assessment or evaluation.

Overview

Infective conjunctivitis (pink eye) is an infection of the thin skin (the conjunctiva) on the front of the eye. It is very common and often starts in one eye but then spreads to the other.

What is conjunctivitis?

The conjunctiva is the thin covering (like a very thin skin) that covers the white part of the eyes and the underside of the eyelids. '-itis' is the medical 'add-on' term for inflammation. 

Conjunctivitis is a very common condition in which one or both eyes become red or pink and may be sticky or watery. Almost everyone will have experienced it several times and will be familiar with the symptoms of sensation of grittiness and discomfort in the eyes, with redness and discharge.

Symptoms

What are the symptoms of infective conjunctivitis?

The symptoms of infective conjunctivitis are generally very mild. Because the conjunctiva does not cover the iris and pupil, conjunctivitis should not affect light getting into the eye and should not affect vision.

Vision can appear blurred or misted because of discharge smeared over the surface of the eye, but this will usually clear on blinking or wiping the eyes.

Because the conjunctiva (unlike the cornea, which covers the iris and pupil) is not very sensitive, conjunctivitis is usually uncomfortable rather than painful.

The main symptom of infective conjunctivitis is 'pink eye'. The eye looks pink or red.

Infective conjunctivitis often begins most obviously in one eye but may quickly spreads to both eyes. The whites of the eyes look inflamed.

Symptoms are:

• The eyes may feel gritty and may water more than usual.
• Some mild soreness may develop, particularly if you rub the eyes.
• The eyelids may become swollen. They may be stuck together with gluey material (discharge) after a sleep. This is particularly common in bacterial conjunctivitis.
• Vision is not normally affected. You may develop some blurring of vision, due to discharge at the front of the eye. However, this clears with blinking.

When should you seek medical advice when suspecting conjunctivitis?

You should always seek medical advice if your suspected conjunctivitis is particularly painful, or the discharge is particularly profuse. You may still be correct that you have conjunctivitis, but you may have one of the rare but more serious causes, or you may have another condition in addition to conjunctivitis.

Conjunctivitis should NOT be accompanied by any of the following symptoms:

• Changes in your vision other than smearing.
• Severe pain in the eye.
• Inability to open the eye due to pain.
• Extreme sensitivity to light in the eye.
• Loss of the ability to focus.
• Distorted images.
• Flashing lights.
• Headache.
• Being sick (vomiting).

These or any other severe symptoms suggest another cause for your eye symptoms, and you should seek medical advice urgently.

Causes

What causes conjunctivitis?

Infective conjunctivitis may be caused by germs. Bacterial conjunctivitis is more common in children, whilst viral conjunctivitis is more common in adults.

Infection is the most common cause of conjunctivitis.

However, conjunctivitis may also be due to:

• Allergy: many people with hay fever (pollen allergy) have a red and inflamed conjunctiva - the thin, clear covering over the white part of the eyes and inside of the eyelids. 
• Irritation: irritant conjunctivitis sometimes occurs. For example, your conjunctiva may become inflamed after getting some shampoo in your eyes. Chlorine in swimming pools is a common cause of mild irritant conjunctivitis. Crowd control substances like tear gas cause a severe form of irritant conjunctivitis.

Types

What types of infective conjunctivitis are there?

Most cases of infective conjunctivitis are caused by the same germs that cause coughs and colds, and conjunctivitis commonly develops when you have a cold or cough.

Most bacterial conjunctivitis is mild. It usually clears within a week or so without antibiotics.

Most viral conjunctivitis is caused by a virus called adenovirus. This tends to cause a very red and more prolonged conjunctivitis. It is very contagious and typically lasts several weeks. Whilst it is not a serious condition, the fact that it lasts so long (and the eye can be very red) means that you should seek medical advice to rule out other causes.

Molluscum contagiosum virus can cause a mild conjunctivitis which, like adenovirus, can persist for several weeks. This is more common in children, and typically the little mole-like bumps of molluscum are visible on the eyelids or fingers.

More serious types of infective conjunctivitis are:

Rarely, infective conjunctivitis can more serious, with some rarer germs being capable of spreading into, and damaging, the cornea and the main part of the eye:

• Some bacteria can cause more serious infective conjunctivitis.
• Conjunctivitis in newborn babies can be caused by germs called chlamydia or gonorrhoea. These are sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in adults; babies can acquire them from the birth canal during childbirth. They cause a severe, very sticky conjunctivitis which can spread rapidly to the cornea and permanently damage the eye. They need urgent treatment. Note: this is different to the very common sticky eye of newborn babies, caused by a blocked tear duct. A blocked tear duct with sticky eye does not cause redness and inflammation of the conjunctiva. 
• Some adults can develop conjunctivitis due to chlamydia or gonorrhoea. These STIs cause a severe conjunctivitis, with extremely profuse discharge. They need urgent treatment as they can spread quickly to the cornea and can affect vision.
• Some viruses can cause more serious viral conjunctivitis. These tend to cause marked pain, particularly if the cornea is also affected. They include:
• Cold sore virus (herpes simplex virus), which in addition to causing a conjunctivitis, can cause keratitis and painful ulcers on the surface of the eye.
• Shingles (varicella-zoster virus), which can cause inflammation of the inside of the eye and can affect vision.
• Trachoma is conjunctivitis caused by a different form of chlamydia to the one that causes STIs. Repeated infection particularly affects the underside of the eyelids and gradually leads to scarring and loss of vision.
• Conjunctivitis can sometimes be one part of a more serious infection of the cornea or of deeper structures of the eye. This is suggested by symptoms of eye pain, reduced vision, or swelling around the eye.

Other serious eye conditions:

There are several serious eye conditions which are not caused by infection, but which make the eye red. These conditions include acute glaucoma and uveitis. These conditions generally markedly affect vision, and most also cause severe pain.

Treatment

What's the treatment?

• Most episodes of infective conjunctivitis settle down in less than a week with simple self-management. Antibiotics are sometimes needed.
• Not treating is a common option for mild or moderate infections. Your tears contain chemicals that fight off germs (bacteria).
• Bathing the eyes - using cool clean water; this may be soothing.
• Lubricating eye drops - these may reduce eye discomfort. They are available over the counter, as well as on prescription.

Antibiotic preparations

These may be prescribed and might be:

• Eye drops such as chloramphenicol.
• Eye ointment such as chloramphenicol or fusidic acid 

Other general advice

• Do not wear contact lenses until symptoms have completely gone and for 24 hours after the last dose of any eye drops or ointment.
• You can clean secretions from eyelids and lashes with cotton wool soaked in water.
• Infective conjunctivitis is contagious, which means it can be passed on by touching. The likelihood of passing on the infection is not high unless you are in close contact with others. Washing your hands regularly, particularly after touching your eyes, and not sharing towels or pillows, will help avoid it.

What is the treatment for adenovirus conjunctivitis?

Adenovirus conjunctivitis infection usually settles by itself within 2-4 weeks. You can help make it more comfortable with cold compresses and lubricants, such as chilled artificial tears (available from pharmacies). Occasionally a doctor may suggest antibiotic drops to prevent additional bacterial infection.

Preventing transmission of viral conjunctivitis is important. Wash hands thoroughly and often, keep hands away from your eyes and avoid sharing towels and cosmetics. Those who wear contact lenses should stop using them until the condition has settled down.

What should I look out for?

See a doctor if symptoms change, or do not settle within a few days, or if you are concerned that you have anything other than a common conjunctivitis.

In particular, see a doctor urgently if:

• You develop marked eye pain.
• Light starts to hurt your eyes (photophobia).
• Spots or blisters develop on the skin next to the eye.
• Your vision becomes affected.
• Your newborn or very young baby develops conjunctivitis.

Most conjunctival infections are not serious, do not harm the eye, and clear in a few days. However, some infections such as herpes or chlamydia persist for longer than usual, are more serious and need special treatment.

Most serious eye infections feel different to simple conjunctivitis because they cause significant pain. Many also affect vision. Some other conditions, including allergic conjunctivitis, can appear similar to infective conjunctivitis initially. This makes it particularly important that you go back to your doctor if things become worse or if they do not settle as expected.

Does a child with conjunctivitis need to stay off school?

Some nursery and daycare facilities take the view that conjunctivitis is a nuisance for other parents and is more easily passed amongst small children who tend to have close physical contact with one another. They may ask you to keep your child at home until the eye is no longer red or sticky, in order to prevent other parents being affected or annoyed. They do, of course, have a right to enforce such rules.

About the author

Dr Mary Lowth

MA (Cantab), MB BChir, DFFP, DRCOG, PG Cert Med Ed, FRCGP

Qualified in 1988 (Cambridge), spent 20 years as a GP in Suffolk. Also a GP trainer, GP appraiser and Training Programme Director. Medicolegal GP with Freedom from Torture. Clinical writer, novelist and journalist. I write on medicine, on medical ethics and on human rights. MRCGP Examiner and Clinical Casewriter 2007-17. International Development Advisor for MRCGP(Int) Brunei 2011-15.

Recommended websites

For further reading go to:

• Allergic Conjunctivitis
• Uveitis
• Corneal Injury and Foreign Bodies

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