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Helicobacter Pylori Tests

We have selected the following expert medical opinion based on its clarity, reliability and accuracy. Credits: Sourced from the website Healthwise, authored by Healthwise Staff (see below). Please refer to your own medical practitioner for a final perspective, assessment or evaluation.

What is a Helicobacter pylori test?

Helicobacter pylori tests are used to detect a Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenum). H. pylori can cause peptic ulcers. But most people with H. pylori in their digestive systems do not develop ulcers.

Four tests are used to detect H. pylori:

• Blood antibody test: A blood test checks to see whether your body has made antibodies to  pylori bacteria. If you have antibodies to H. pylori in your blood, it means you either are currently infected or have been infected in the past.
  
  
• Urea breath test: A urea breath test checks to see if you have  pylori bacteria in your stomach. This test can show if you have an H. pylori infection. It can also be used to see if treatment has worked to get rid of H. pylori.
  
  
• Stool antigen test: A stool antigen test checks to see if substances that trigger the immune system to fight an  pylori infection (H. pylori antigens) are present in your faeces (stool). Stool antigen testing may be done to help support a diagnosis of H. pylori infection or to find out whether treatment for an H. pylori infection has been successful.
  
  
• Stomach biopsy: A small sample (biopsy) is taken from the lining of your stomach and small intestine during an endoscopy. Several different tests may be done on the biopsy sample. 

Why It Is Done

A Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) test is done to:

• Find out whether an infection with  pyloribacteria may be causing an ulcer or irritation of the stomach lining (gastritis).
• Find out whether treatment for an  pyloriinfection has been successful.

How to prepare

Blood antibody test

You do not need to do anything before you have a blood antibody test.

Stool antigen test

Medicines may change the results of this test. Be sure to tell your doctor about all the prescription and non-prescription medicines you take. Your doctor may recommend that you stop taking some of your medicines.

• Do not take antibiotics or medicines containing bismuth (such as Pepto-Bismol) for 1 month before the test.
• Do not take proton pump inhibitors (such as Nexium or Prilosec) for 2 weeks before the test.
  
  

Stomach biopsy or urea breath test

You will be asked to not eat or drink anything for a certain amount of time before having a breath test or a stomach biopsy. Follow your doctor's instructions about how long you need to avoid eating and drinking before the test.

Many medicines may change the results of this test. Be sure to tell your doctor about all the prescription and non-prescription medicines you take. Your doctor may recommend that you stop taking some of your medicines.

• Do not take antibiotics or medicines containing bismuth (such as Pepto-Bismol) for 1 month before the test.
• Do not take proton pump inhibitors for 2 weeks before the test.
• Do not take H2 blockers, such as Pepcid, Zantac, Axid, or Tagamet, for 24 hours before the test.

Talk to your doctor about any concerns you have about the need for the test, its risks, how it will be done, or what the results may mean. 

How it is done

Blood antibody test

The health professional taking a sample of your blood will:

• Wrap an elastic band around your upper arm to stop the flow of blood. This makes the veins below the band larger so it is easier to put a needle into the vein.
• Clean the needle site with alcohol.
• Put the needle into the vein. More than one needle stick may be needed.
• Attach a tube to the needle to fill it with blood.
• Remove the band from your arm when enough blood is collected.
• Put a gauze pad or cotton ball over the needle site as the needle is removed.
• Put pressure on the site and then put on a bandage.
  
  

Urea breath test

The breath sample is collected when you blow into a balloon or blow bubbles into a bottle of liquid. The health professional taking a sample of your breath will:

• Collect a sample of your breath before the test starts.
• Give you a capsule or some water to swallow that contains tagged or radioactive material.
• Collect samples of your breath at different times. The breath samples will be tested to see if they contain material formed when  pyloricomes into contact with the tagged or radioactive material.
• The urea breath test usually takes about 30 minutes.
  
  

Stool antigen test

The stool sample for this test may be collected at home. If you are in the hospital, a health professional will help you collect the sample.

To collect the sample, you need to:

• Pass stool into a dry container. Either solid or liquid stools can be collected. Be careful not to get urine or toilet tissue in with the stool sample.
• Replace the container cap and label the container with your name, your doctor's name, and the date the sample was collected.
• Wash your hands well after collecting the sample to avoid spreading bacteria.
• Deliver the sealed container as soon as possible to your doctor's office or directly to the lab.

Your doctor may also use a cotton swab inserted into your rectum to collect a stool sample during an exam.

Stomach biopsy

• Endoscopy is used to collect samples of tissue from the stomach and duodenum. The doctor may collect up to 10 tissue samples. 
• The tissue samples are tested in the lab to see if they contain  pylori.
• In rare cases, a biopsy sample may be placed in a container with a substance that promotes the growth of  pyloribacteria. This is called an H. pyloriculture. If no bacteria grow, the culture is negative. If H. pyloribacteria grow, the culture is positive. Sometimes other tests are done to find the right medicine for treating the infection. This is called sensitivity testing.

How it feels

Blood antibody test

The blood sample is taken from a vein in your arm. An elastic band is wrapped around your upper arm. It may feel tight. You may feel nothing at all from the needle, or you may feel a quick sting or pinch.

Urea breath test

A urea breath test does not normally cause discomfort.

Stool antigen test

Collecting a stool sample normally does not cause any discomfort.

If your doctor collects the sample during a rectal exam, you may feel some pressure or discomfort as the cotton swab is inserted into your rectum.

Stomach biopsy

You may notice a brief, sharp pain when the intravenous (IV) needle is placed in a vein in your arm. The local anaesthetic sprayed into your throat usually tastes slightly bitter and will make your tongue and throat feel numb and swollen. Some people report that they feel as if they cannot breathe at times because of the tube in their throat, but this is a false sensation caused by the anaesthetic. There is always plenty of breathing space around the tube in your mouth and throat. Remember to relax and take slow, deep breaths.

You may experience some gagging, nausea, bloating, or mild abdominal cramping as the tube is moved. Even though you won't be able to talk during the procedure because you have a tube in your throat, you can still communicate. If the discomfort is severe, alert your doctor with an agreed-upon signal or a tap on the arm.

The IV medicines will make you feel sleepy. Other side effects—such as heavy eyelids, difficulty speaking, a dry mouth, or blurred vision—may last for several hours after the test. The medicines may also cause you not to remember much of what happens during the test.

Risks

Blood antibody test

There is very little chance of a problem from having a blood sample taken from a vein.

• You may get a small bruise at the site. You can lower the chance of bruising by keeping pressure on the site for several minutes.
• In rare cases, the vein may become swollen after the blood sample is taken. This problem is called phlebitis. A warm compress can be used several times a day to treat this.
  
  

Urea breath test

There are no known risks or complications with a urea breath test. If radioactive carbon is used, the amount of radioactivity exposure is extremely small—less than you normally get from being outside during the day.

Stool antigen test

There are no risks or complications with a stool sample. But if you do not wash your hands well after collecting the sample, you may spread germs.

Stomach biopsy

There is a slight risk (1 in 10,000) of puncturing the wall of the oesophagus, stomach or duodenum during an endoscopy to collect stomach biopsy samples. The biopsy may also cause some bleeding at the site where the samples are collected. But the bleeding usually stops without treatment. 

Results

Helicobacter pylori tests are used to detect a Helicobacter (H. pylori) infection in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenum).

Results from the urea breath test or a stool antigen test are usually available within a few hours. Results from a blood antibody test are usually available within 24 hours.

Results from biopsy samples obtained by endoscopy are usually available within 48 hours. Results from a biopsy sample that is cultured can take up to 10 days.

Blood antibody test

Normal: The blood sample does not contain H. pylori antibodies.

Abnormal: The blood sample contains H. pylori antibodies.

Urea breath test

Normal: The breath sample does not contain the tagged carbon dioxide.

Abnormal: The breath sample contains the tagged carbon dioxide.

Stool antigen test

Normal: The stool sample does not contain H. pylori antigens.

Abnormal: The stool sample contains H. pylori antigens.

Stomach biopsy

Normal:

• The biopsy sample does not contain  pyloribacteria.
• pyloribacteria does not grow in a culture of the tissue biopsy samples.

Abnormal:

• The biopsy sample contains  pyloribacteria.
• pyloribacteria grows in a culture of the tissue biopsy samples.

What affects the test?

Reasons you may not be able to have the test or why the results may not be helpful include the following:

• Most urea breath tests now use tagged carbon rather than radioactive carbon. If you are pregnant, the radioactive urea breath test for  pyloriis not usually done, because the radiation could harm your child.
• Use of antibiotics may affect the results of the urea breath test, the stool antigen test, and stomach biopsy by reducing the number of  pyloribacteria in the stomach and duodenum.
• The use of cimetidine (Tagamet), famotidine (Pepcid), lansoprazole (Prevacid), nizatidine (Axid), omeprazole (Prilosec), rabeprazole (Aciphex), ranitidine (Zantac), sucralfate (Carafate), or medicines containing bismuth (such as Pepto-Bismol) can also interfere with the results of the urea breath test, the stool antigen test, and stomach biopsy.
• A stomach biopsy may not detect an  pyloriinfection that is present if the biopsy samples are taken from areas that are not infected by the H. pylori bacteria.
• Rough handling, contamination, or inadequate refrigeration of the blood sample can cause inaccurate blood antibody test results.
• When a blood antibody test is done early in an  pyloriinfection, the results may be falsely negative because the level of antibodies is too low to measure.
• The likelihood of infection with  pyloriincreases with age. Older adults are more likely to have detectable amounts of the bacteria in their body.

What to think about

• Most urea breath tests now use tagged carbon rather than radioactive carbon. If you are pregnant, the radioactive urea breath test for  pyloriis not usually done, because the radiation could harm your child.
• The stool antigen test is the least expensive of the four tests for Helicobacter pylori, but it may not be as accurate as the other tests. The stomach biopsy is very accurate, but it is the most expensive and most risky of the four tests.
• A negative stool antigen test does not always mean that an  pyloriinfection is not present (false-negative).
• Although many people are infected with  pyloribacteria, only a few of them will develop peptic ulcer disease. For this reason, other factors (such as a person's symptoms) should be considered when interpreting the results of an H. pylori test.
• Blood tests for  pylorimay be positive for several years after the infection, so the urea breath test, the stool antigen test, or a biopsy may be used to find out if treatment has been effective.
• If your symptoms don't go away, an endoscopy may be needed.
• Having an infection with  pyloriincreases your chances of having cancer of the stomach. But the risk is very low.

For some people who have taken medicine to treat a Helicobacter pylori(  pylori) infection, a follow-up test may be needed to make sure the infection is cured.

The American College of Gastroenterology recommends a follow-up test to check for H. pylori infection whenever:

• A peptic ulcer is caused by H. pyloriinfection.
• Stomach (gastric) mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is caused by  pyloriinfection.
• Upset stomach (dyspepsia) symptoms are present even after  pyloriinfection was tested for and treated.
• Resection of early stomach (gastric) cancer has been done.

About the source

Healthwise Staff

Medical Reviewers:

• Gregory Thompson, MD - Internal Medicine
• Adam Husney, MD - Family Medicine
  
  

Current as of March 28, 2018

References

1. Chey WD, et al. (2007). American College of Gastroenterology guideline of the management of Helicobacter pylori infection. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 102(8): 1808-1825.
2. Chernecky CC, Berger BJ (2013). Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures, 6th ed. St. Louis: Saunders.
3. Fischbach FT, Dunning MB III, eds. (2009). Manual of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests, 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
4. Pagana KD, Pagana TJ (2010). Mosby's Manual of Diagnostic and Laboratory Tests, 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier.

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